1 = Polar 2 = Gyre 3 = Western Boundary 4 = Eastern Boundary 5 = Equatorial 6 = Semienclosed 7 = Transition 1 (P) Polar (1) 7 (W) Westerlies=Transition (7) ( + Western Boundary (3)) 8 (T) Trade Winds=Gyre (2) + Equatorial (5) 9 (C) Coastal=Western Boundary (3) + Eastern Boundary (4) + Semienclosed Sea (6) Pelagic Provinces of the World (PPOW,Spalding et al./2012) has the four known major realms Northern Coldwater Realm Indo-Pacific Warmwater Realm Atlantic Warmwater Realm Southern Coldwater Realm strong connections to Longhurst !!! PPOW realm MEOW equivalent realms PW1 K NC Northern Coldwater Temperate Northern Atlantic Temperate Northern Pacific Arctic PW3 I PI Indo-Pacific Warmwater Central Indo-Pacific Western Indo-Pacific Eastern Indo-Pacific PW4 L AW Atlantic Warmwater Tropical Atlantic PW8 Q SC Southern Coldwater Southern Ocean Mesopelagic ecoregions https://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=browser&id[]=29035&id[]=65990#focus Spalding et al. 2012, Ocean & Coastal Management; 37 pelagic https://rpubs.com/MRufino/world_biogeographic_regions https://data-gis.unep-wcmc.org/portal/home/item.html?id=80567b4443f4457b822f645a2f0d70cf https://wcmc.io/WCMC_036 Pelagic Provinces of the World (PPOW,Spalding et al./2012) — a global biogeographic classification of the world’s surface pelagic waters, structured into 4 realms, 7 biomes, and 37 pelagic provinces, and designed to align with / complement MEOW for off-shelf pelagic ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- HLC Tree (PW Levels) HLC-M HLC-X HLC-S REF-CODE DESCRIPTION DETAILS 899 (9) 899|699 R9Q00 OD00 OD00 OD00 - MES ([large] Marine Eco-Systems) 899-8990 (9.0) 8990 R9Q90 OD90 OD90 OD90 - Epipelagic (sunlight) - Photic Zone surface (MSL) down to around 200 m 899-8990-8992 (9.2) 8992 R9Q92 OD92|PW00 OD92|PW00 OD92|PW00 - Oceanic Epipelagic From shelf edge --> deep ocean 899-8990-8992-10 (9.2.1) 6949! R9W10 PW10 PW10 PW10 - Northern Coldwater Realm (Arctic) -10 short for -6949 899-8990-8992-11 (9.2.1.1) 6980! R9W11 PW11 PW11 PW11 - Polar (Biom) -11 short for -6949-6980 899-8990-8992-11-7010 7010! R9P01 PP01|BPLR PW11-01 Arctic (Boreal Polar) {7942N,0535W} 899-8990-8992-12 (9.2.1.2) 6981! R9W12 PW12 PW12 PW12 - Gyre (Tradewinds) -12 short for -6949-6981 899-8990-8992-12-7020 7020! R9P03 PP03 PW12-03 Subarctic Pacific (Province) 899-8990-8992-12-7020-9R03 9R03 R9R03 PP03a|ALSK PW12-03a Alaska coastal downwelling (Longhurst) {5518N,14546W} 899-8990-8992-12-7020-9S03 9S03 R9S03 PP03b|BERS PW12-03b North Pacific epicontinental sea (Longhurst) {5416N,5508E} 899-8990-8992-12-7020-9T03 9T03 R9T03 PP03c|PSAW PW12-03c Western Pacific subarctic gyres (Longhurst) {4552N,12632E} 899-8990-8992-12-7020-9U03 9U03 R9U03 PP03d|PSAE PW12-03d Eastern Pacific subarctic gyres (Longhurst) {4903N,15409W} 899-8990-8992-12-7060 7060! R9P02 PP02 PW12-02 Subarctic Atlantic (Province) 899-8990-8992-12-7060-9R02 9R02 R9R02 PP02a|ARCT PW12-02a Atlantic Arctic (Longhurst) {6507N,1949W} 899-8990-8992-12-7060-9S02 9S02 R9S02 PP02b|SARC PW12-02b Atlantic Subarctic (Longhurst) {6531N,0836E} 899-8990-8992-20 (9.2.2) 6968! R9W20 PW20 PW20 PW20 - Indo-Pacific Warmwater Realm -20 short for -6968 899-8990-8992-27 (9.2.2.7) 6987! R9W27 PW27 PW27 PW27 - Transition (Westerlies) -27 short for -6968-6987 899-8990-8992-27-7280 7280! R9P22 PP22|ARCH PW27-22 Southwest Pacific/Archipelagic deep basins {1102S,14349E} 899-8990-8992-27-7280-73QA 73QA! R9P53 PP53|TASM PW27-53 Tasman Sea (Longhurst) {3913S,16047E} 899-8990-8992-27-7280-9P51 9P51 R9P51 PP51|AUSE PW27-51 East Australian coast (Longhurst) {2940S,15133E} (LH:PW23) 899-8990-8992-27-9P14 9P14 R9P14 PP14|NPPF PW27-14 North Pacific Current/NP Polar Front {3806N,5847W} 899-8990-8992-27-9P55 9P55 R9P55 PP55|NPSE PW27-55 Northeast Pacific Subtropical (Longhurst) {3318N,15917W} 899-8990-8992-28 (9.2.2.8) 6988! R9W28 PW28 PW28 PW28 - Trade Winds (Longhurst) -28 short for -6968-6988 899-8990-8992-28-22 (9.2.2.8.2) 6982! R9W22 PW22 PW22 PW22 - Gyre (Biom) -22 short for -6982 899-8990-8992-28-22-7182 7182! R9P15 PP15 PW22-15 North Central Pacific (Province) 899-8990-8992-28-22-7182-9P48 9P48 R9P48 PP48|NPTG PW22-48 North Pacific Tropical (Longhurst) {2044N,14831W} 899-8990-8992-28-22-7182-9P54 9P54 R9P54 PP54|NPSW PW22-54 Northwest Pacific subtropical (Longhurst) {2119N,12847E} (LH:PW27) 899-8990-8992-28-22-7188 7188! R9P20 PP20|SPSG PW22-20 South Central Pacific (Gyre) {2524S,11146W} 899-8990-8992-28-22-7188-9P52 9P52 R9P52 PP52|NEWZ PW22-52 New Zealand coast (Longhurst) {2524S,11146W} (LH:PW29) 899-8990-8992-28-22-7188-9P56 9P56 R9P56 PP56|WARM PW22-56 Western Pacific warm pool (Longhurst) {0003S,12516E} (LH:PW29) 899-8990-8992-28-22-7762 7762! R9P16 PP16|MONS PW22-16 Northern Indian Ocean (Indian monsoon) {4639S,8709E} 899-8990-8992-28-22-7762-9P46 9P46 R9P46 PP46|INDW PW22-46 Western India coast (Longhurst) {1451N,7152E} (LH:PW29) 899-8990-8992-28-22-7762-9P49 9P49 R9P49 PP49|INDE PW22-49 Eastern India coast (Longhurst) {1553N,8817E} (LH:PW29) 899-8990-8992-28-22-7766 7766! R9P21 PP21|ISSG PW22-21 Southern Indian Ocean (Indian subtropical) {2613S,7620E} 899-8990-8992-28-25 (9.2.2.8.5) 6985! R9W25 PW25 PW25 PW25 - Equatorial (Biom) -25 short for -6985 899-8990-8992-28-25-7180 7180! R9P09 PP09 PW25-09 Equatorial Pacific (Province) 899-8990-8992-28-25-7180-9P47 9P47 R9P47 PP47|PEQD PW25-47 Pacific equatorial divergence (Longhurst) {0410S,12740W} 899-8990-8992-28-25-7260 7260! R9P07 PP07 PW25-07 Eastern Tropical Pacific (Province) 899-8990-8992-28-25-7260-9R07 9R07 R9R07 PP07a|CAMR PW25-07a Central American coast (Longhurst) {1442N,9645W} 899-8990-8992-28-25-7260-9S07 9S07 R9S07 PP07b|PNEC PW25-07b NP Equatorial Counter Current (Longhurst) {0709N,12246W} 899-8990-8992-29 (9.2.2.9) 6989! R9W29 PW29 PW29 PW29 - Coastal (Longhurst) -29 short for -6968-6989 899-8990-8992-29-00-77VY 77VY! R9P13 PP13 PW29-13 Leeuwin Current (Province) 899-8990-8992-29-00-9P50 9P50 R9P50 PP50|AUSW PW29-50 WT Australian & Indonesian Coast (Longhurst) {2415S,11712E} 899-8990-8992-29-23 (9.2.2.9.3) 6983! R9W23 PW23 PW23 PW23 - Western Boundary (Biom) -23 short for -6983 899-8990-8992-29-23-7624 7624! R9P04 PP04|EAFR PW23-04 East African coast (Agulhas) {2750S,3543E} 899-8990-8992-29-23-7795 7795! R9P18 PP18|ARAB PW23-18 Northwest Arabian Sea/Somali Current {1108N,5527E} 899-8990-8992-29-23-9P12 9P12 R9P12 PP12 PW23-12 Kuroshio-Oyashio Current (Province) 899-8990-8992-29-23-9P12-7113 7113! R9R12 PP12a PW23-12a Oyashio Current 899-8990-8992-29-23-9P12-7115 7115! R9S12 PP12b|KURO PW23-12b Kuroshio Current {3040N,13659E} 899-8990-8992-29-23-9P42 9P42 R9P42 PP41|CHIN PW23-41 China Sea Coast {2843N,12009E} 899-8990-8992-29-24 (9.2.2.9.4) 6984! R9W24 PW24 PW24 PW24 - Eastern Boundary (Biom) -24 short for -6984 899-8990-8992-29-24-7299 7299! R9P10 PP10|CHIL PW24-10 Chile-Peru Current (Humboldt) {2936S,7716W} 899-8990-8992-29-24-72ZF 72ZF! R9P05 PP05 PW24-05 California Current (System) (CCS) 899-8990-8992-29-24-72ZF-9R05 9R05 R9R05 PP05a|CCAL PW24-05a California Current (Upwelling) {3322N,12258W} 899-8990-8992-29-24-72ZF-9S05 9S05 R9S05 PP05b|OCAL PW24-05b California Current (Offshore) {3314N,12540W} G2→ NPG 899-8990-8992-29-26 (9.2.2.9.6) 6986! R9W26 PW26 PW26 PW26 - Semienclosed sea (Biom) -26 short for -6986 899-8990-8992-29-26-7098 7098! R9P11 PP11|SUND PW26-11 Indonesian Flowthrough/Sunda-Arafura shelves {0203S,12137E} 899-8990-8992-29-26-7123 7123! R9P06 PP06 PW26-06 Sea of Japan/East Sea (Province) 899-8990-8992-29-26-7220 7220! R9P19 PP19 PW26-19 South China Sea (Province) 899-8990-8992-29-26-7777 7777! R9P17 PP17|REDS PW26-17 Red Sea/Persian Gulf {2244N,4317E} 899-8990-8992-40 (9.2.4) 6969! R9W40 PW40 PW40 PW40 - Atlantic Warmwater Realm -40 short for -6969 899-8990-8992-47 (9.2.4.7) 6997! R9W47 PW47 PW47 PW47 - Transition (Westerlies) -47 short for -6969-6997 899-8990-8992-47-7565 7332! R9P31 PP31|NADR PW47-31 North Atlantic Drift|Current {4812N,2615W} 899-8990-8992-48 (9.2.4.8) 6998! R9W48 PW48 PW48 PW48 - Trade Winds (Longhurst) -48 short for -6969-6998 899-8990-8992-48-42 (9.2.4.8.2) 6992! R9W42 PW42 PW42 PW42 - Gyre (Biom) -42 short for -6992 899-8990-8992-48-42-9P32 9P32 R9P32 PP32 PW42-32 North Central Atlantic 899-8990-8992-48-42-9P32-9R32 9R32 R9R32 PP32a|NASW PW42-32a NW Atlantic subtropical gyral (Longhurst) {3042N,5320W} 899-8990-8992-48-42-9P32-9S32 9S32 R9S32 PP32b|NASE PW42-32b NE Atlantic subtropical gyral (Longhurst) {3347N,2314W} 899-8990-8992-48-42-9P32-9T32 9T32 R9T32 PP32c|NATR PW42-32c North Atlantic tropical gyral (Longhurst) {1711N,4426W} 899-8990-8992-48-42-9P33 9P33 R9P33 PP33|SATL PW42-33 South Central Atlantic {2659S,1834W} 899-8990-8992-48-42-9P33-9P45 9P45 R9P45 PP45|BRAZ PW42-45 Brazilian current (Longhurst) {2835S,4704W} (LH:PW49) 899-8990-8992-48-45 (9.2.4.8.5) 6995! R9W45 PW45 PW45 PW45 - Equatorial (Biom) -45 short for -6995 899-8990-8992-48-45-7510 7510! R9P08 PP08 PW45-08 Equatorial Atlantic (Province) 899-8990-8992-48-45-7510-9R08 9R08 R9R08 PP08a|WTRA PW45-08a Western tropical Atlantic (Longhurst) {0229N,3339W} 899-8990-8992-48-45-7510-9S08 9S08 R9S08 PP08b|ETRA PW45-08b Eastern tropical Atlantic (Longhurst) {0422S,0610W} 899-8990-8992-48-45-7510-9T08 9T08 R9T08 PP08c|GUIA PW45-08c Guianas coast (Longhurst) {0154N,5657W} (LH:PW43) 899-8990-8992-49 (9.2.4.9) 6999! R9W49 PW49 PW49 PW49 - Coastal (Longhurst) -49 short for -6999 899-8990-8992-49-43 (9.2.4.9.3) 6993! R9W43 PW43 PW43 PW43 - Western Boundary (Biom) -43 short for -6993 899-8990-8992-49-43-9P28 9P28 R9P28 PP28|GFST PW43-28 Gulf Stream {3835N,5823W} 899-8990-8992-49-43-9P29 9P29 R9P29 PP29|FKLD PW43-29 Malvinas Current/SW Atlantic shelves {5005S,6114W} 899-8990-8992-49-43-9P42 9P42 R9P42 PP42|NWCS PW43-42 Northwest Atlantic shelves (Longhurst) {4123N,6300W} 899-8990-8992-49-43-9P44 9P44 R9P44 PP44|CHSB PW43-44 Chesapeake Bay (Longhurst) {3707N,7619W} 899-8990-8992-49-44 (9.2.4.9.4) 6994! R9W44 PW44 PW44 PW44 - Eastern Boundary (Biom) -44 short for -6994 899-8990-8992-49-44-7565 7565! R9P25 PP25|CNRY PW44-25 Canary Current (Coast) {1751N,1806W} 899-8990-8992-49-44-7577 7577! R9P27 PP27|GUIN PW44-27 Guinea Current (Coast) {0056S,0139E} 899-8990-8992-49-44-7622 7622! R9P23 PP23|BENG PW44-23 Benguela Current (Coast) {2710S,1210E} 899-8990-8992-49-44-9P43 9P43 R9P43 PP43|NECS PW44-43 Northeast Atlantic shelves (Longhurst) {5434N,0439E} 899-8990-8992-49-46 (9.2.4.9.6) 6996! R9W46 PW46 PW46 PW46 - Semienclosed sea (Biom) -46 short for -6996 899-8990-8992-49-46-7565 7540! R9P26 PP26|CARB PW46-26 Caribbean/Inter American Seas {1856N,8044W} (LH:PW45) 899-8990-8992-49-46-7577 7650! R9P30 PP30|MEDI PW46-30 Mediterranean Sea {3807N,1944E} (LH:PW47) 899-8990-8992-49-46-7577 7750! R9P24 PP24 PW46-24 Black Sea (LH:included in MEDI) 899-8990-8992-80 (9.2.8) 6979! R9W80 PW80 PW80 PW80 - Southern Coldwater Realm (Antarctic) -80 short for -6979 899-8990-8992-81 (9.2.8.1) 6990! R9W81 PW81 PW81 PW81 - Polar (Biom) -81 short for -6979-6990 899-8990-8992-81-7840 7840! R9P34 PP34|ANTA PW81-34 Antarctic {6239S,0201W} 899-8990-8992-81-9P35 9P35 R9P35 PP35|APLR PW81-35 Antarctic Polar Front/Austral Polar {7059S,3420W} 899-8990-8992-87 (9.2.8.7) 6991! R9W87 PW87 PW87 PW87 - Transition (Westerlies) -87 short for -6979-6991 899-8990-8992-87-9P36 9P36 R9P36 PP36|SSTC PW81-36 Southern Subtropical Front|Convergence {4218S,0409W} 899-8990-8992-87-9P37 9P37 R9P37 PP37|SANT PW81-37 Subantarctic (Water Ring) {5102S,0335W} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- P14: The North Pacific Current (sometimes referred to as the North Pacific Drift) is an ocean current that flows west-to-east between 30 and 50 degrees north in the Pacific Ocean. The current forms the southern part of the North Pacific Subpolar Gyre and the northern part of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. The North Pacific Current is formed by the collision of the Kuroshio Current, running northward off the coast of Japan, and the Oyashio Current, which is a cold subarctic current that flows south and circulates counterclockwise along the western North Pacific Ocean. In the eastern North Pacific off southern British Columbia, it splits into the southward flowing cold water California Current and the northward flowing Alaska Current. P32: North Central Atlantic NLC (Province) / North Atlantic Gyre ↔ NAST + NATR (Longhurst) NATR North Atlantic tropical gyral {17°11'N,44°26'W} P36: Southern Subtropical Front Ozean-Sektor Ungefährer Schwerpunkt (Lat/Lon) Südatlantik 40° S / 15° W Südindischer Ozean 41° S / 80° E Südpazifik 42° S / 130° W 1 = Polar 2 = Gyre 3 = Western Boundary 4 = Eastern Boundary 5 = Equatorial 6 = Semienclosed 7 = Transition 1 (P) Polar (1) 7 (W) Westerlies=Transition (7) ( + Western Boundary (3)) 8 (T) Trade Winds=Gyre (2) + Equatorial (5) 9 (C) Coastal=Eastern Boundary (4) + Western Boundary (3) + Semienclosed Sea (6) Polar=Polar Westerlies Transition (+ Western Boundary partial) Mixing/front systems Dynamic, mixing-driven regions between gyres and polar systems Mixing, fronts, seasonal blooms Not as stable as gyres, not as extreme as polar Trade Winds= Gyre + Equatorial Oligotrophic subtropical gyres (low nutrients, stable stratification) Both represent:Stratified water,Low nutrients,Low productivity Coastal=Eastern Boundary + Western Boundary + Semienclosed Sea All productive, land-influenced systems Eastern Boundary → upwelling systems (e.g., Peru, Benguela) Western Boundary → strong currents (e.g., Gulf Stream) Semienclosed Sea → Mediterranean-type systems